Irminfä - Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns

Irminfä pronouns inflect for number (singular, dual and plural) and case (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, instrumental and vocative), same as nouns, and take roughly the same affixes as nouns. Whereas nouns do not have gender, pronouns do distinguish between two genders, masculine and feminine, in the third person. However, the masculine gender is only a relic of Old Irminfä and is not used but in highly poetic style of the modern language. As a consequence it can be said that Irminfä pronouns does not distinguish between genders in general, and the term 'feminine' is therefore referred to as the 'general gender' in modern grammar books, as opposed to the literary masculine gender. In the following table the masculine third person pronouns are highlighted.

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	o	ino	oyyo
	e	ine	eyye
	tär/tärä	tärin/tärinä	täriyyä/täräyyä
Accusative	on	inon	oyyon
	en	inen	eyyen
	tärin/tärän	tärinn/tärinän	täriyyän/täräyyän
Genitive	or	inor	oyyor
	er	iner	eyyer
	tärir/tärär	tärinir/tärinär	täriyyär/täräyyär
Dative	ollo	inollo	oyyollo
	elle	inelle	eyyelle
	tällä (tärlla)/tärällä	tärillä/tärinällä	täriyyällä/täräyyällä
Locative	oto	inoto	oyyoto
	ete	inete	eyyete
	tärtä/tärätä	tärintä/tärinätä	täriyyätä/täräyyätä
Instrumental	ovi	inovi	oyyovi
	evi	inevi	eyyevi
	tärvi/tärävi	tärinvi/tärinävi	täriyyävi/täräyyävi
Vocative	ó	inó	oyyó
	é	iné	eyyé
	tär/tärä	tärín/tärinä	täriyyä/täräyyä

Notes:

The accute accent in certain vocative pronouns marks the stress. The pronouns not marked by an accute accent are stressed by rule on the last syllable as well.

The third person masculine has two forms in the dative, tällä and tärllä, the former still in current use. Tärllä, which has the pronunciation of Old Irminfä (the consonant group rll, later evolved into ll in Modern Irminfä), is absolutely obsolete and does not appear except in old texts or intended to be an archaism.

Irminfä - Nouns II

Introduction to noun aspects in Irminfä

Irminfä nouns also inflect for 'aspects' (a term adopted in the absence of proper terminology), which is unique in human languages. Put in simple terms, Irminfä nouns have a system of inflection similar to verb tenses, distinguished for different existential states. Irminfä recognises that a flower that exists now is different from a flower that existed in the past, which is again different from a withered flower that used to exist with the vigour of a flower but has lost it, and is distinguished from a flower that has never existed, but either has shape only in imagination, in wishes and desires, and in plans, or will exist at a certain point in the future.

Thus there are four aspects for the Irminfä noun:

1. The synchronous aspect: nouns in this aspect represent objects that exist at the moment of talking, or objects that exist eternally with no obvious change, such as the sun in its literal sense.

2. The 'historial' aspect: denoting objects that existed in the past time with respect to the moment of talking. N.B. The historical aspect isn't used for nouns that actually exist in a narrative in the past tense. For example, the word 'flower' should be in the 'present' aspect in a sentence like 'I saw a flower', but in the historical in 'I remembered the flower he had given me last Friday' and in the subjunctive (see point 4) in 'I was planning to buy flowers for my mother'. Remember that aspects are ontic, rather than chronological, properties of a noun.

3. The 'continuous' aspect: is an aspect that links the past with the present, denoting an object that came into being in the past and still in existence, but have naturally declined in quality, or have simply undergone significant changes in quality. A 'withered flower' should be enough to illustrate this.

4. The 'subjunctive' aspect: works the same way verb subjunctive does in many European languages. But it is also compulsory when referring to something that will definitely exist in the future with respect to the moment of speaking, as well as something whose existence is desired, planned and uncertain. As long as the object referred to doesn't exist at the moment and has never existed, it is in the subjunctive aspect.

Irminfä - Nouns I

Noun declension in Irminfä

Nouns have no gender but inflect for number and case. Irminfä nouns have three numbers, singular, dual and plural, and seven cases as shown in the paradigm:

hämärä flower

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	hämärä	hämärinä	hämäräyyä
Accusative	hämärän	hämärinän	hämäräyyän
Geninive	hämärär	hämärinär	hämäräyyär
Dative	hämärällä	hämärinällä	hämäräyyällä
Locative	hämärätä	hämärinätä	hämäräyyätä
Instrumental	hämärävi	hämärinävi	hämäräyyävi
Vocative	hämärä	hämärinä	hämäräyyä

Notes:

In vocative, all the nouns are stressed on the last syllable. The last vowel must be pronounced rather strong.

Vowel harmony: in nominative plural, dative and locative in all the numbers, the vowel in the ending is the same as that in the last syllable of the word in nominative.

Irminfä - The alphabet

Ti irisärtä - The alphabet

The Irminfä alphabet has 23 letters as presented below:

A a
Ä ä
B b
D d
E e
Ë ë
F f
G g
H h
I i
K k
L l
M m
N n
O o
P p
R r
S s
T t
U u
V v
Y y
Z z

Pronunciation guide:

Irminfä spelling is highly phonetic. The letters above are pronounced in a fashion generalised from Spanish, Italian, Modern Greek and Finnish (if you get the idea), i.e. vowels are pure, voiceless consonants are unaspirated, l never becomes dark, and r is realised either as a flap or as a trill.

The Irminfä h, however, is pharyngealised before ä, pronounced like the Arabic ح. So the combination hä sounds like the Arabic حا, only shorter; it becomes a palatal fricative before ë and i so the combinations hë and hi sound like the Greek χε and χι.

Letter k, in the same way as h, is palatalised before ë and i, sounding like the Greek κ before these sounds.

Letter ë represents a [je] sound.

Letter y is a palatal approximant with a certain degree of frication. It is similar to the palatalised Greek γ but only weeker.

Double consonants should be reflected on pronunciation, in the Italian, or the Finnish, Turkish, Arabic, way.

Mëleo ~ Personal Pronouns

• Nominative
  
• ëlasë - ëhëm - ër
  
• sē - sīr - sēr
  
• tī - tē - tō
• him - hilem - hīvm
  
• cim - cinam - cīvm
• mim - minam - mīvm

• Accusative
• ëlī - ëlē - ëlō
• serī - serē - serō
• satī - satē - satō
• hīr - hēr - hōr
• cīs - cēs - cōs
• mīli - mīla - mīlo

• Possessives
• ëvis - ëves - ëvos
• seris - seres - seros
• titis - tites - titos
• heis - hees - heos
• cīis - cīes - cīos
• milis - miles - milos

• Inessive
• ëtīr - ëtēr - ëtōr
• setīr - setēr - setōr
• hitīr - hitēr - hitōr
• īr - ēr - ōr
• cīr - cēr - cōr
• mīr - mēr - mōr

• Superessive/Adessive
• ëvin - ëven - ëvon
• sin - sen - son
• tīo - tēo - tōo
• īo - ēo - ōo
• īn - ēn - ōn
• mīn - mēn - mōn

• Illative
• ëin - ëen - ëon
• ësīn - ësēn - ësōn
• tīc - tēc - tōc
• hin - hen - hon
• cit - cet - cot
• mi - me - mo

• Subessive
• ëīr - ëēr - ëōr
• sei - see - seo
• tīci - tīce - tīco
• hīm - hēm - hōm
• cīv - cēv - cōv
• mil - mel - mol

• Ablative/Elative
• lëlasë - lëhëm - lër
• lësē - lësīr - lësēr
• lëtī - lëtē - lëtō
• lëhim - lëhilam - lëhī
• lëcim - lëcinam - lëcī
• lëmim - lëminam - lëmī

• Instrumentalis
• ëlasém - ëhëmém - ërém
• sēm - sīrēm - sērēm
• tiēm - teēm - toēm
• himēm - hilamēm - hiēm
• cimēm - cilamēm - ciēm
• mimēm - minamēm - miēm

• Apudessive
• arīv - arēv - arōv
• sī - sē - sō
• tii - tie - tio
• hēi - hēe - hēo
• isē - esē - osē
• ī - ē - ō
  

Cálos ~ Personal Pronouns

So here they are :) The only thing about these languages, which is irregular... no idea what I was thinking :P They're grouped into common/neuter pronouns, feminine pronouns and masculine pronouns respectively:

• Nominative
  
• alsy - ahem - avar
  
• sé - sír - sér
  
• tí - tá - tó
• him - hilam - hí
  
• cim - cam - cí
• mim - minam - mí

• Accusative
• alí - alá - aló
• serí - será - seró
• satí - satá - sató
• hír - hár - hór
• cís - cás - cós
• míli - míla - mílo

• Possessives
• avis - avas - avos
• seris - seras - seros
• titis - titas - titos
• heois - heoas - heoos
• cíois - cíoas - cíoos
• mílis - mílas - mílos

• Inessive
• athír - athár - athór
• sethír - sethár - sethór
• hitír - hitár - hitór
• ír - ár - ór
• cír - cár - cór
• mír - már - mór

• Superessive/Adessive
• ávin - ávan - ávon
• sin - san - son
• tío - táo - tóo
• ío - áo - óo
• ín - án - ón
• mín - mán - món

• Illative
• áin - áan - áon
• asín - asán - asón
• tíc - tác - tóc
• hin - han - hon
• cit - cat - cot
• mi - ma - mo

• Subessive
• aír - aár - aór
• sei - sea - seo
• tíci - tíca - tíco
• hím - hám - hóm
• cív - cáv - cóv
• mil - mal - mol

• Ablative/Elative
• lálsy - láhem - lávar
• lysé - lysír - lysér
• lytí - lytá - lytó
• lyhim - lyhilam - lyhí
• lycim - lycam - lycí
• lymim - lyminam - lymí

• Instrumentalis
• alsyém - ahemém - avarém
• sém - sírém - sérém
• tiém - taém - toém
• himém - hilamém - hiém
• cimém - camém - ciém
• mimém - minamém - miém

• Apudessive
• arív - aráv - aróv
• sí - sá - só
• tii - tia - tio
• héi - héa - héo
• isé - asé - osé
• í - á - ó
  

Mëleo ~ Nouns

advice :: are
animal :: miθeo
archive :: θēris
ball :: savneo
bassin :: cāreo
battle :: rifeo
bear :: rēeo
bell :: savneo
bird :: cēte
book :: etis
boy :: eneo
bread :: īte
brother :: θaineo
bullet :: savneo
car :: aoteo
carpet :: ēinis
case :: θēris
cat :: rone
child :: ilis
city :: refeo
cloth :: ānis
cloud :: pefeo
clown :: prāveo
condition :: ris
country :: seris
creature :: celis
daughter :: māne
day :: remis
devil :: δefëreo
deer :: cāe
dew :: θēis
dialect :: roronis
dictionary :: mëlaiētis
dirt :: lēnis
dock :: sērireheo
document :: agërθēris
dog :: caeo
door :: cēre
dream :: tieo
earth :: mëgre
emperor :: θēceo
epoch :: zūceo
era :: zūceo
evil :: δefëreo
face :: cāe
father :: voδeo
feather :: cēte
fence :: cēteo
fight (physical) :: refeo
fight (verbal) :: caēce
fire :: θāris
fjord :: cāleo
flame :: θāris
flower :: sātie
forefather :: cāeo
forest :: vefδis
fox :: āveo
friend :: ceieo (male)
friend :: ceie (female)
gathering :: θehāieo
girl :: emie
god :: θeo
group :: rotahis
gulf :: cāio
happiness :: rëis
harbor :: sērireheo
hat :: rëvele
heart :: moloe
heaven :: aiēneo
heir :: māneo
heiress :: māne
hobby :: énilis
holiness :: θeo
home :: sëipris
house :: sëipris
human :: othros
husband :: voδeo
ice :: fēieo
idiot :: praieo
interest :: ēnlis
island :: θοseo
joy :: rëis
king :: receo
kingdom :: ëcoseris
land :: seris
language :: mëlais
leaf :: rescīeo
legend :: mërithe
life :: mītis
love :: mogāene
luck :: rëis
magazine :: θēzūmis
main :: moloie
man :: voδeo
mat :: gerānis
meal :: ofeo
miracle :: migëreo
moisture :: ríris
monster :: calamis
moon :: mëleo
mother :: ore
mountain :: siēeo
name :: malais
newspaper :: lavētūmis
night :: relis
object :: ríri
ocean :: sīrete
page :: agëretis
paradise :: tioifis
party :: θegāneo
pastery :: rite
path :: píeo
payment :: rehis
peninsula :: θοsūmeo
people (ehtnic group) :: napeo
petal :: sāterescīeo
place :: nefis
plant :: vapsis
polar bear :: misaeo
pond :: relatieo
pool :: cāieo
possibility :: rehis
power :: bëieo
problem :: canis
project :: ēnlis
quarrel :: caece
result :: rāre
river :: vēre
road :: rēge
room :: agërsëipris
saga :: mesërite
school :: scūlis
sea :: sīte
shit :: lēnis
side :: vāgreo
signature :: rëiesteo
sister :: aine
situation :: rehis
snow :: afēieo
soil :: mëgre
son :: māneo
soul :: eδraneo
sound :: lëdie
source :: moloie
spirit :: eδraneo
story :: mesërite
strait :: rērvis
stuffed animal :: rígos
subject :: ríris (ríris-hānëm-ríri = SVO)
summer :: aceo
sun :: caie
sunset :: miāscis
surface :: molois
team :: roθasis
teddy bear :: rēeo
text :: esteo
thing :: ríris
time :: lēte
top :: molois
town :: feūmeo
treasure :: miāeo
tree :: cie
tribe :: napeo
wall (of f.eg. brick - solid defense wall) :: cīteo
war :: ēfeo
water :: reheo
waterhole :: reheo
way :: rēgas
way (of doing something) :: beo
weather :: rois
wind :: sëseo
wing :: cīte
winter :: ele
wife :: ore
wolf :: trāveo
woman :: ore
word :: prelis
world :: reδeo
year :: aceo rā ele (pl: θo aceo rā θe ele)
24 hours :: remirelis